Bias in Recording History
English historians have often been guilty of emphasizing victories while giving little attention to defeats. The successes of Edward III and the Black Prince...
The Limits of Physical Courage
Physical courage—sheer bravery in battle—is a quality shared by all soldiers, not just kings and nobles. In fact, most male soldiers naturally possess this...
The Nature of Challenges in Medieval Warfare
In medieval Europe, sending a challenge for personal combat—called a cartel—was sometimes considered an appeal to heaven. It was a way to decide disputes...
